ARANYAKAS 704 BC

(Sanskrit "books of the forest"), a later development of the Brahmanas, or expositions of the Vedas, which were composed in India c. 700 BC. They are distinguished from the Brahmanas in that they may contain information on secret rites to be carried out only by certain persons, and more philosophic speculation. Thus they were intended to be studied only by the initiated, by which might have been mean either hermits who had withdrawn into the forest and no longer took part in ritual sacrifices, or by pupils who were given instruction by their teachers in the seclusion of the forest, away from the village. The Aranyakas are given over to secret explanations of the allegorical meaning of the ritual and to discussion of the internal, meditative meaning of the sacrifice, as contrasted to its actual, outward performance. The philosophic portions, more speculative in content, are sometimes called Upanisads.