A violent Italian family in despotic control of the cities of Mantua (1276-1328), Modena (1312-26) and Carpi (1317-26).
The first member recorded in Mantua was Otolina de Bonacosa in 1168. His son Gandolfo became console in 1200 and his grandson Martino was rector (1233).
The signoria (lordship) of the Bonacolsi was first established by Pinamonte (d. 1293) who allied himself with other powerful families to eliminate his rivals, and finally sezed power by driving out the podestà (feudal mayor) and his supporters (1276). After transferring Mantua from the pro-papist Guelf party to the pro-imperial Ghibelline party, Pinamonte conquered several Guelf cities (1275-79).
In 1291 Pinamonte was forced to yield power to his son Bardellone, who later poisoned him. Proclaiming himself captain general and perpetual rector, Bardellone pursued an antiGhibelline policy until he, in turn, was overthrown in 1299 by his nephews Guido (d. 1309) and Rinaldo, also called Passerino (d. 1328). Guido ruled until his death, having named Passerino his successor in 1308.
Taking power without opposition, Passerino raised the family to its greatest power. The emperor Henry VII (1269-1313) recognized him as signore (lord) of Mantua with the title of imperial vicar (1311). Passerino expanded the area under his control to include Modena and Carpi. He secured important positions for his sons Filippo (d. 1302) and Zagnino, podestà of Verona (1274-77).
The tyrannical rule of the Bonacolsi finally provoked an insurrection (August 1328) led by the Gonzaga, who ousted the Bonacolsi from power and kiled first Passerino and then his sons and nephews.
November 09, 2012
MATTEO MARIA BOIARDO (1474)
Poet whose Orlando innamorato, the first poem to combine elements of both Arthurian and Caroligian traditions of romance, gave new life to the chivalrous epic, which was declining in popularity.
He spent mucho of his life after 1476 at Ferrara, under the patronage of the dukes of Este. He was captain of the ducal forces at Modena from 1480 to 1482 and at Regio from 1487 until his death.
His chief pleasure was in study and poetry, and he wrote numerous works, both in Latin and Italian. Of the Italian works, the Amorum libri tres (1499) tells of his love for Antonia Caprara and is among the most personal and spontaneous collection of 15th-century lyrics, written at a time when much of the love poetry was a conventional exercise.
Orlando innamorato begun about 1476, was intended to consist of three parts, but only the first two (published 1483) and part of the third were completed at the poet´s death. The great importance of Orlando innamorato (to which Ariosto´s Orlando furioso was conceived as a sequel) is that it combines the Arthurian cycle of chivalrous love adventures with the Carolingian cycle glorifiying military honour, patriotism, and religion. The poem did not achieve popularity, partly because of its dialectical and erudite language, partly because of the careless construction of the episodes and characters, but chiefly because of its delineation of strong and primitive passions, which was not in tone with the tendencies of his time.
Boiardo breathed an intimate, personal strain into the stereotype of the epic that future generations emulated and expanded.
His complete works in two volumes were edited by A. Zottoli (1936-37).
He spent mucho of his life after 1476 at Ferrara, under the patronage of the dukes of Este. He was captain of the ducal forces at Modena from 1480 to 1482 and at Regio from 1487 until his death.
His chief pleasure was in study and poetry, and he wrote numerous works, both in Latin and Italian. Of the Italian works, the Amorum libri tres (1499) tells of his love for Antonia Caprara and is among the most personal and spontaneous collection of 15th-century lyrics, written at a time when much of the love poetry was a conventional exercise.
Orlando innamorato begun about 1476, was intended to consist of three parts, but only the first two (published 1483) and part of the third were completed at the poet´s death. The great importance of Orlando innamorato (to which Ariosto´s Orlando furioso was conceived as a sequel) is that it combines the Arthurian cycle of chivalrous love adventures with the Carolingian cycle glorifiying military honour, patriotism, and religion. The poem did not achieve popularity, partly because of its dialectical and erudite language, partly because of the careless construction of the episodes and characters, but chiefly because of its delineation of strong and primitive passions, which was not in tone with the tendencies of his time.
Boiardo breathed an intimate, personal strain into the stereotype of the epic that future generations emulated and expanded.
His complete works in two volumes were edited by A. Zottoli (1936-37).
JAKOB BÖHME
Philosophical mystic, had a profound influence on such later intellectual movement as Idealism and Romanticism.
Bóhme settled in Görlitz (1594 or 1595), where he married and became a shoemaker.
In 1600 he had a religious experience that provided him with an insight into the polarization of empirical reality, tentatively expressed (1612) in a manuscript, The Aurora. The work was condemned by the Luteran pastor of Görlitz, who persuaded the town council to forbid Böhme from further writing.
In 1619 he resumed writing in defiance of the ban, utilizing alchemical terminology to drescribe his nature mysticism. The Way to Christ (1622) was followed (in 1623) by his two major works, The Great Mystery and On the Election of Grace.
Though an attempt to banish him from Görlitz was apparently not upheld by the Elector´s court in Dresden, he took refuge in a neighbouring castle until shortly before his death.
Bóhme settled in Görlitz (1594 or 1595), where he married and became a shoemaker.
In 1600 he had a religious experience that provided him with an insight into the polarization of empirical reality, tentatively expressed (1612) in a manuscript, The Aurora. The work was condemned by the Luteran pastor of Görlitz, who persuaded the town council to forbid Böhme from further writing.
In 1619 he resumed writing in defiance of the ban, utilizing alchemical terminology to drescribe his nature mysticism. The Way to Christ (1622) was followed (in 1623) by his two major works, The Great Mystery and On the Election of Grace.
Though an attempt to banish him from Görlitz was apparently not upheld by the Elector´s court in Dresden, he took refuge in a neighbouring castle until shortly before his death.
FRANCISCO DE BOBADILLA
Spanish soldier who arrested Christopher Columbus on Santo Domingo (the island of Hispaniola) after dissesions had arisen between Columbus and several of the Spanish adventurers who served under him.
Bobadilla was a noble who served the Spanish crown in the wars of reconquest against the Moors. He was thought to have been the knight commander of the Calatrava, a Spanish religious-military order of crusaders.
In 1500 he was sent to Santo Domingo by Ferdinand and Isabella with the full powers of a royal commissioner and chief justice.
When Bobadilla landed and discovered that Columbus had hanged five Spaniards, he became so furious that he inmediately ordered the arrest of Columbus brother, Diego (in charge of the Spanish settlement in Columbus absence), impounded Columbus papers and took possession of the town of Santo Domingo. Shortly thereafter, Columbus voluntarily gave himself up and was immediately placed in irons and sent back to Spain by Bobadilla.
Falling to restore order in Santo Domingo, Bobadilla was ordered back to Spain by the monarchs, while Columbus was given back all his honours and titles (taken from him after his arrest). On the return vayage to Spain, a hurricane destroyed Bobadilla´s fleet off the coast of Hispaniola, and all were lost.
Bobadilla was a noble who served the Spanish crown in the wars of reconquest against the Moors. He was thought to have been the knight commander of the Calatrava, a Spanish religious-military order of crusaders.
In 1500 he was sent to Santo Domingo by Ferdinand and Isabella with the full powers of a royal commissioner and chief justice.
When Bobadilla landed and discovered that Columbus had hanged five Spaniards, he became so furious that he inmediately ordered the arrest of Columbus brother, Diego (in charge of the Spanish settlement in Columbus absence), impounded Columbus papers and took possession of the town of Santo Domingo. Shortly thereafter, Columbus voluntarily gave himself up and was immediately placed in irons and sent back to Spain by Bobadilla.
Falling to restore order in Santo Domingo, Bobadilla was ordered back to Spain by the monarchs, while Columbus was given back all his honours and titles (taken from him after his arrest). On the return vayage to Spain, a hurricane destroyed Bobadilla´s fleet off the coast of Hispaniola, and all were lost.
November 08, 2012
NELLIE BLY (1874)
Pen name of ELIZABETH COCHRANE.
Newspaper writer whose around-the-world race against a theorical record made the name celebrated and a synonym for the feminine star reporter.
She obtained a job at 18 as feature writer on The Pittsburgh Dispatch, whose managing editor suggested her pen name from a song by Stephen Foster. There she did a series of articles on such subjects as divorce, slum life, and conditions in Mexico. She was employed by the New York World in 1887.
Feigning insanity to get into the asylum of Blackwell´s Island, she wrote an expose that brought about needed reforms. Later she exposed tenement conditions, the techniques of "mashers", the Albany lobby, and the like.
On Nov. 14, 1889, she sailed from New York to beat the record of Phileas Fogg, hero of Jules Verne´s romance, Around the World in Eighty Days. The World built up the story by daily articles and a guessing contest in which whoever came nearest to naming Nellie´s time in circling the globe would get would get a trip to Europe. There were nearly 1,000,000 entries in the contest. Nellie rode onn ships and trains, in jinrikishas and sampans, on horses and burros. On the final lap of her journey the World brought her from San Francisco to New York by special train; she was greeted everywhere by brass bands, fireworks, and like panoply. Her time was 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes, and 14 seconds.
Miss Cochrane married millionaire Robert Seaman in 1895; but after his death and financial reverses she returned to newspaper work on The New York Journal in 1920.
Newspaper writer whose around-the-world race against a theorical record made the name celebrated and a synonym for the feminine star reporter.
She obtained a job at 18 as feature writer on The Pittsburgh Dispatch, whose managing editor suggested her pen name from a song by Stephen Foster. There she did a series of articles on such subjects as divorce, slum life, and conditions in Mexico. She was employed by the New York World in 1887.
Feigning insanity to get into the asylum of Blackwell´s Island, she wrote an expose that brought about needed reforms. Later she exposed tenement conditions, the techniques of "mashers", the Albany lobby, and the like.
On Nov. 14, 1889, she sailed from New York to beat the record of Phileas Fogg, hero of Jules Verne´s romance, Around the World in Eighty Days. The World built up the story by daily articles and a guessing contest in which whoever came nearest to naming Nellie´s time in circling the globe would get would get a trip to Europe. There were nearly 1,000,000 entries in the contest. Nellie rode onn ships and trains, in jinrikishas and sampans, on horses and burros. On the final lap of her journey the World brought her from San Francisco to New York by special train; she was greeted everywhere by brass bands, fireworks, and like panoply. Her time was 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes, and 14 seconds.
Miss Cochrane married millionaire Robert Seaman in 1895; but after his death and financial reverses she returned to newspaper work on The New York Journal in 1920.
JOHN BLOW (1674)
Organist and composer, remembered for his church music and for Venus and Adonis, which is regarded as the first true English opera.
He was probably educated at the Magnus Song School in Notiinghamshire and in 1660 became a chorister at the Chapel Royal. He was appointed organist of Westminster Abbey (1668) and in 1669 he became one of the king´s musicians for virginals.
In march 1674 he was sworn in as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and became master of the children, a position he held until his death. He had great influence on the choristers under him and also on Henry Purcell, who was taught by him at this time.
In 1676 or 1677 he became onde of the Chapel Royal organist, and in 1677 the dean and chapter of Canterbury conferred on him a doctorate of music -the first instance of what became known as a Lambeth Degree in music.
In 1679 Blow was succeeded as organist at Westminster Abbey by Purcell; he was reappointed after Purcell´s death in 1695. The years 1680-1700 were the most productive and prosperous of his life. In 1687 he became master of the children of St. Paul´s, a position he held for 16 years; and in 1699 he received his last appointment as first composer to the Chapel Royal.
Blow´s official positions entailed the writing of much ceremonial music, both religious and secular. Fourteen services and more than 100 anthems are extant, and many remain in regular use. He was at his best in writing of full anthems in a simple chordal or contrapuntal style with melodies of great strength and sweetness developed over a ground bass.
His style is seen at its best in the motet for six voices, Salvator mundi, in the verse anthems I was glad when they said unto me (for the opening of St. Paul´s Cathedral, 1697) and Lift up your heads, O ye gates, in the Ode for St. Cecilia´s Day (1684); the Ode on the Death of Mr. Henry Purcell (1696) and Awake, awake my lyre for Oxford University; and in the full anthems My days are gone like a shadow and Be merciful unto me, O Lord. He excelled also in the writing of services; outstanding is his Service in G Major, His Venus and Adonis, written between 1680 and 1685 for performance at court and called by him A Masque for the Entertaiment of the King, has an important place in the development of English opera. It is the first dramatic work in which the whole text is set to music without either dialogue or extraneous musical entertainment.
His songs for one, two, three, and four voices, which appear in many contemporary collections and also in his own Amphion Anglicus (1700) are notable for their charm of melody.
He was probably educated at the Magnus Song School in Notiinghamshire and in 1660 became a chorister at the Chapel Royal. He was appointed organist of Westminster Abbey (1668) and in 1669 he became one of the king´s musicians for virginals.
In march 1674 he was sworn in as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and became master of the children, a position he held until his death. He had great influence on the choristers under him and also on Henry Purcell, who was taught by him at this time.
In 1676 or 1677 he became onde of the Chapel Royal organist, and in 1677 the dean and chapter of Canterbury conferred on him a doctorate of music -the first instance of what became known as a Lambeth Degree in music.
In 1679 Blow was succeeded as organist at Westminster Abbey by Purcell; he was reappointed after Purcell´s death in 1695. The years 1680-1700 were the most productive and prosperous of his life. In 1687 he became master of the children of St. Paul´s, a position he held for 16 years; and in 1699 he received his last appointment as first composer to the Chapel Royal.
Blow´s official positions entailed the writing of much ceremonial music, both religious and secular. Fourteen services and more than 100 anthems are extant, and many remain in regular use. He was at his best in writing of full anthems in a simple chordal or contrapuntal style with melodies of great strength and sweetness developed over a ground bass.
His style is seen at its best in the motet for six voices, Salvator mundi, in the verse anthems I was glad when they said unto me (for the opening of St. Paul´s Cathedral, 1697) and Lift up your heads, O ye gates, in the Ode for St. Cecilia´s Day (1684); the Ode on the Death of Mr. Henry Purcell (1696) and Awake, awake my lyre for Oxford University; and in the full anthems My days are gone like a shadow and Be merciful unto me, O Lord. He excelled also in the writing of services; outstanding is his Service in G Major, His Venus and Adonis, written between 1680 and 1685 for performance at court and called by him A Masque for the Entertaiment of the King, has an important place in the development of English opera. It is the first dramatic work in which the whole text is set to music without either dialogue or extraneous musical entertainment.
His songs for one, two, three, and four voices, which appear in many contemporary collections and also in his own Amphion Anglicus (1700) are notable for their charm of melody.
SALVEMOS A CATALUÑA DE LA EXTRAÑA TENDENCIA NY II
La orfandad que experimentó Iberoamérica cuando se secesionó de España es la misma que vais a sentir vosotros catalanes cuando os lleven a la deriva peninsular y le corten la vieja oreja a Iberia.
Buscando tener un madrileño os cargasteis de barcelonesas porque donde la pela es pelona y peleona se pierde el nom y el seny y eso lo saben las figuras de la Puerta del Parlamento que dicen olé a los que trabajan el pan de la casa y no piden para el bolsillo.
Fue hijo de halconero y educado en la infancia por el Temple, luego se dedicó a la piratería catalana, por lo que lograba se granjeó el liderazgo de los almogávares y ya tres siglos antes de Lepanto derrotaba a los turcos y pudiendo haber llegado a emperador de Bizancio fue envenenado Roger de Flor por el jefe de los alanos Girgón lo que desencadenó la denominada venganza catalana, pero cuándo nosotros los castellanos hemos envenenado a alguno de los vuestros.
También el gerundés Sobrequés escribió sobre los barones de Cataluña que en el caso de una disolución en esta tierra nos quedarían más solutos de tamaña estratificación social por eso cualquier perturbación con la temperatura que está haciendo debe medir bien si es un simple golpe, una agitación o una pequeña siembra de cristalitos de convergencia y unió.
Socavar la soberanía sería que una corriente turbulenta con sus remolinos destrozasen los pilares y el muro de los espigones por eso el gobierno central debe arrojar un bloque de gran tamaño que impide esta socavación de estado de derecho con su consecuente retroceso por hundimiento.
Todas las buenas cosas que han salido en la vida después de una reunión familiar y no por una decisión unilateral del padre sino por una disposición cautelar casi siempre de la madre en ausencia del marido, así la madre Madrid debe enviar a la precoz Catalunya a un colegio no en Nimes sino a un internado un año en Vigo y cuando se le pase la rueca música barcelonesa, ya la hará mandalas a Andorra y a Irlanda.
Mi sociabilidad me lleva a decir esas palabras, mi comportamiento se adecuó al desarrollo de la conversación, nadie se levantó sin decir una palabra, dio un portazo y se marchó, entre otras cosas porque me hubiera preocupado por si mi cuñada Barcelona hiciera eso ahora que Barcino se nos había ido al cielo.
No podemos reunirnos a hacer nada que no sea el independentismo, si nos unimos se producen las ideas que despiertan a otros y traen al invasor, así la Sociedad Política de Amigos del País sería un caldo de cultivo para fomentar la lucha contra lo que funciona bien, luego somos un pueblo de individuos que no se soportan y solo pueden pasar juntos breves momentos sino se invita al Comensal del Cielo a la mesa para que nos enseñe la libertad verdadera.
Una infección de tres boleadoras de partidos de estafilococos nacionalistas puede ser endémica cuando a la autonomía catalana debilitada por muchos aspectos le sale un furúnculo como Mas.
Buscando tener un madrileño os cargasteis de barcelonesas porque donde la pela es pelona y peleona se pierde el nom y el seny y eso lo saben las figuras de la Puerta del Parlamento que dicen olé a los que trabajan el pan de la casa y no piden para el bolsillo.
Fue hijo de halconero y educado en la infancia por el Temple, luego se dedicó a la piratería catalana, por lo que lograba se granjeó el liderazgo de los almogávares y ya tres siglos antes de Lepanto derrotaba a los turcos y pudiendo haber llegado a emperador de Bizancio fue envenenado Roger de Flor por el jefe de los alanos Girgón lo que desencadenó la denominada venganza catalana, pero cuándo nosotros los castellanos hemos envenenado a alguno de los vuestros.
También el gerundés Sobrequés escribió sobre los barones de Cataluña que en el caso de una disolución en esta tierra nos quedarían más solutos de tamaña estratificación social por eso cualquier perturbación con la temperatura que está haciendo debe medir bien si es un simple golpe, una agitación o una pequeña siembra de cristalitos de convergencia y unió.
Socavar la soberanía sería que una corriente turbulenta con sus remolinos destrozasen los pilares y el muro de los espigones por eso el gobierno central debe arrojar un bloque de gran tamaño que impide esta socavación de estado de derecho con su consecuente retroceso por hundimiento.
Todas las buenas cosas que han salido en la vida después de una reunión familiar y no por una decisión unilateral del padre sino por una disposición cautelar casi siempre de la madre en ausencia del marido, así la madre Madrid debe enviar a la precoz Catalunya a un colegio no en Nimes sino a un internado un año en Vigo y cuando se le pase la rueca música barcelonesa, ya la hará mandalas a Andorra y a Irlanda.
Mi sociabilidad me lleva a decir esas palabras, mi comportamiento se adecuó al desarrollo de la conversación, nadie se levantó sin decir una palabra, dio un portazo y se marchó, entre otras cosas porque me hubiera preocupado por si mi cuñada Barcelona hiciera eso ahora que Barcino se nos había ido al cielo.
No podemos reunirnos a hacer nada que no sea el independentismo, si nos unimos se producen las ideas que despiertan a otros y traen al invasor, así la Sociedad Política de Amigos del País sería un caldo de cultivo para fomentar la lucha contra lo que funciona bien, luego somos un pueblo de individuos que no se soportan y solo pueden pasar juntos breves momentos sino se invita al Comensal del Cielo a la mesa para que nos enseñe la libertad verdadera.
Una infección de tres boleadoras de partidos de estafilococos nacionalistas puede ser endémica cuando a la autonomía catalana debilitada por muchos aspectos le sale un furúnculo como Mas.
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