Ruled in Walachia from the 14th to the 17th century.
Basarab I (d. 1352) temporarily secured his principality´s independence by defeating the Hungarians in the Battle of Posada in 1330.
Mircea the Old (Mircea cel Batrin; reigned 1386-1418) had to recognize the suzerainty of the Ottoman Turks.
Vlad the Devil (Vlad Dracul, reigned 1436-47) and Vald IV the Impaler (Vlad Tepes; reigned 1456-62 and 1476-77) became notorius for their cruel depravities.
Neagoe (reigned 1512-21) patronized the arts and sponsored the building of the cathedral at Curtea de Arges.
Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul; reigned 1593-1601) the most illustrious of the Basarabs, briefly united all the Romanian lands by conquering first Transylvania, then Moldavia.
Matei Basarab (reigned 1632-54) introduced the printing press (1634), the first codification of Walachian law (1652) and the liberal endowment of art and religion.
The male line of the Basarabs died out with his successor, Constantin Serban in 1658.
September 06, 2012
JEAN BART (1674)
Privateer and naval officer, renowned for his skillful and daring achievements in the wars of Louis XIV, king of France.
Descended from a family of fishermen and privaterrs, he entered naval service first under the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter, but when war broke out between the French and the Dutch (1672-78) he returned to Dunkerque, where his knowledge of every detail of the coast enabled him to command a fleet of small privateering vessels with great success.
He took 81 prizes in six battles and was rewarded by Louis XIV with the rank of lieutenant. In the War of the Grand Alliance (1689-97) he was taken prisoner by the English but escaped from Plymouth and rowed for 52 hours to the French coast.
Promoted to captain, he commanded the Alcyon at the Battle of Beachy Head (1690) and afterward a division os ships at Dunkerque.
Bart defended Dunkerque during the English attacks of 1694-95. In June 1696, when France was facing famine, he engaged a Dutch squadron off the coast of the Netherlands and captured a convoy of 96 ships loaded with Russian and Polish wheat. For this exploit the King made him a member of the nobility.
Given command of a squadron, Bart escorted the Prince de Conti (François-Louis de Bourbon), candidate for the Polish crown, to Danzig in 1697, slipping six frigates through a tight enemy blockade.
By the end of the war his division had destroyed 30 warships and captured over 200 merchant ships.
Descended from a family of fishermen and privaterrs, he entered naval service first under the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter, but when war broke out between the French and the Dutch (1672-78) he returned to Dunkerque, where his knowledge of every detail of the coast enabled him to command a fleet of small privateering vessels with great success.
He took 81 prizes in six battles and was rewarded by Louis XIV with the rank of lieutenant. In the War of the Grand Alliance (1689-97) he was taken prisoner by the English but escaped from Plymouth and rowed for 52 hours to the French coast.
Promoted to captain, he commanded the Alcyon at the Battle of Beachy Head (1690) and afterward a division os ships at Dunkerque.
Bart defended Dunkerque during the English attacks of 1694-95. In June 1696, when France was facing famine, he engaged a Dutch squadron off the coast of the Netherlands and captured a convoy of 96 ships loaded with Russian and Polish wheat. For this exploit the King made him a member of the nobility.
Given command of a squadron, Bart escorted the Prince de Conti (François-Louis de Bourbon), candidate for the Polish crown, to Danzig in 1697, slipping six frigates through a tight enemy blockade.
By the end of the war his division had destroyed 30 warships and captured over 200 merchant ships.
September 04, 2012
LA EUROPA ALEMANA
El arrianismo fue propicio para la llegada de los rudos germánicos pero no para continuar con la civilización grecolatina de Europa quizás por un exceso de individualismo anticomunidad.
Ante la degeneración de cultura y de capital en que cayó mi pueblo dejé de ser madrileño y español y me hice europeo con el mismo bronce de momento que el de las Olimpiadas del 2012.
El teléfono de emergencia en toda Europa es el 112 y es verdad la emergencia de telele que estamos pasando en el 2012.
Como si fuera un castaño verde entrañando soluciones, me cambio la raya del pelo para tenerlo en abundancia, tomo agua oxigenada diluida para limpiarme la boca y tomo cubitos de hielo para no pasar sed al traerme los cacahuetes el camarero del Punjab y todas estas medidas van surgiendo del gobierno hasta noviembre, y así el tiempo anuncia las medidas próximas como si fuera un sij en el cumplimiento de las cinco K de llevar el pelo largo, los pantalones cortos militares, la pulsera de hierro contra el demonio, la daga de acero y un peine para sujetar el abundante cabello pero no sé si será suficiente para Europa.
La rusa Lou Andreas-Salomé daba tortas al nihilismo pero ella tampoco era un camino transitable de la salvación masculina y así aquí en Europa la conciencia está cambiando según como te pille el día y según el dinero que tengas, y no me extrañaría que se diera fácil el matar y que volvieran los tiempos de guerra porque la dignidad en las personas se esfumó por la calle cuesta arriba de Alcalá.
Si tuvieras el Aleluya en tu labia y le pusieran un baldaquino a tus labios carnosos que nos traen tan buenas noticias a nuestro silencio de defunción porque una sociedad muerta está dentro de nuestras cabezas metiendo mucho ruido nos vendría el soplido anticipatorio de Nieves Concostrina.
Cuando a un Estado se le somete a una fuerte radiación de rayos X se encuentra una valiosa información sobre la estructura social y la emisión de electrones al exterior que son viejas prácticas de la misma manera que los nazis levantaron campos de concentración y consumaron la shoá europea.
Por el efecto Barkhausen quieren los alemanes que nos hagamos ferromagnéticamente afines a ellos y que tras cambiar el tamaño y las pequeñas medidas de rotación vayamos en su dirección exterior con otras medidas más grandes lo que no es de admitir entre amigos.
Los siervos son mitad esclavos y mitad hombres libres, los siervos personales de los alemanes viven en Europa aunque vinculados a sus naciones, y pueden desplazarse y contraer matrimonio libremente con la libertad que les da el dinero, pero sin el consentimiento del Bundestag no pueden participar en actividades públicas y de relaciones, sin embargo en Polonia y en Rusia ya no son objeto de abusos y de violencia en la aplicación de la justicia de sus amos y así fue como me lo contó el monje de la buena suerte alemán y chino zen Hoite.
El inventor Siemens contribuyó decisivamente al desarrollo de las telecomunicaciones y la electrotecnia y al proceso industrial y empresarial del siglo XX, como si los alemanes con su teoría de números se dedicasen a mejorar el semen de los monos que les rodean y a los que chorrean desde las cabezuelas de las siemprevivas residencias mediterráneas.
Un judío nunca comería carne cortada de un animal con vida ni la guillotina del tercer estado dejaría una cabeza con vida ni los cañones del brumario dejaban casa con tejado así tampoco un vikingo deja un hacha sin filo ni un alemán va a dejar de componer música sin tecla que tocar ni Europa va a dejar de jorobar por la suerte que corre por sus sienes.
En el Cantar de los Nibelungos el héroe germánico Sigfrido cual adán de la voluntad del poder se apoderó del tesoro de sus poseedores que constituiría El Oro del Rhin wagneriano quitándoles las vidas siendo su manto de invisibilidad la manera de atrapar a las walquirias y su hombro vulnerable por una hoja de tilo que no lo cubrió del todo en el baño de la sangre del Dragón que primero mató como un legendario jordiet catalán.
Haré una silo-torre para los granos de dinero con una Escalera Dorada con una sillería para que se sienten los políticos más dignos de España y esbozaré la silueta en negro sobre blanco de los mandamás y Diego de Siloé nos hará la nueva Presentación y la Visitación del Banco de España y fijaremos que el silogismo europeo deje de ser una condición o una disyunción, e iremos a Santo Domingo de Silos a dar las gracias por la oración, y por último Góngora hará una silva de la estación florida de la mentida Europa y Pero Mexía hará una silva de varia lección.
Ante la degeneración de cultura y de capital en que cayó mi pueblo dejé de ser madrileño y español y me hice europeo con el mismo bronce de momento que el de las Olimpiadas del 2012.
El teléfono de emergencia en toda Europa es el 112 y es verdad la emergencia de telele que estamos pasando en el 2012.
Como si fuera un castaño verde entrañando soluciones, me cambio la raya del pelo para tenerlo en abundancia, tomo agua oxigenada diluida para limpiarme la boca y tomo cubitos de hielo para no pasar sed al traerme los cacahuetes el camarero del Punjab y todas estas medidas van surgiendo del gobierno hasta noviembre, y así el tiempo anuncia las medidas próximas como si fuera un sij en el cumplimiento de las cinco K de llevar el pelo largo, los pantalones cortos militares, la pulsera de hierro contra el demonio, la daga de acero y un peine para sujetar el abundante cabello pero no sé si será suficiente para Europa.
La rusa Lou Andreas-Salomé daba tortas al nihilismo pero ella tampoco era un camino transitable de la salvación masculina y así aquí en Europa la conciencia está cambiando según como te pille el día y según el dinero que tengas, y no me extrañaría que se diera fácil el matar y que volvieran los tiempos de guerra porque la dignidad en las personas se esfumó por la calle cuesta arriba de Alcalá.
Si tuvieras el Aleluya en tu labia y le pusieran un baldaquino a tus labios carnosos que nos traen tan buenas noticias a nuestro silencio de defunción porque una sociedad muerta está dentro de nuestras cabezas metiendo mucho ruido nos vendría el soplido anticipatorio de Nieves Concostrina.
Cuando a un Estado se le somete a una fuerte radiación de rayos X se encuentra una valiosa información sobre la estructura social y la emisión de electrones al exterior que son viejas prácticas de la misma manera que los nazis levantaron campos de concentración y consumaron la shoá europea.
Por el efecto Barkhausen quieren los alemanes que nos hagamos ferromagnéticamente afines a ellos y que tras cambiar el tamaño y las pequeñas medidas de rotación vayamos en su dirección exterior con otras medidas más grandes lo que no es de admitir entre amigos.
Los siervos son mitad esclavos y mitad hombres libres, los siervos personales de los alemanes viven en Europa aunque vinculados a sus naciones, y pueden desplazarse y contraer matrimonio libremente con la libertad que les da el dinero, pero sin el consentimiento del Bundestag no pueden participar en actividades públicas y de relaciones, sin embargo en Polonia y en Rusia ya no son objeto de abusos y de violencia en la aplicación de la justicia de sus amos y así fue como me lo contó el monje de la buena suerte alemán y chino zen Hoite.
El inventor Siemens contribuyó decisivamente al desarrollo de las telecomunicaciones y la electrotecnia y al proceso industrial y empresarial del siglo XX, como si los alemanes con su teoría de números se dedicasen a mejorar el semen de los monos que les rodean y a los que chorrean desde las cabezuelas de las siemprevivas residencias mediterráneas.
Un judío nunca comería carne cortada de un animal con vida ni la guillotina del tercer estado dejaría una cabeza con vida ni los cañones del brumario dejaban casa con tejado así tampoco un vikingo deja un hacha sin filo ni un alemán va a dejar de componer música sin tecla que tocar ni Europa va a dejar de jorobar por la suerte que corre por sus sienes.
En el Cantar de los Nibelungos el héroe germánico Sigfrido cual adán de la voluntad del poder se apoderó del tesoro de sus poseedores que constituiría El Oro del Rhin wagneriano quitándoles las vidas siendo su manto de invisibilidad la manera de atrapar a las walquirias y su hombro vulnerable por una hoja de tilo que no lo cubrió del todo en el baño de la sangre del Dragón que primero mató como un legendario jordiet catalán.
Haré una silo-torre para los granos de dinero con una Escalera Dorada con una sillería para que se sienten los políticos más dignos de España y esbozaré la silueta en negro sobre blanco de los mandamás y Diego de Siloé nos hará la nueva Presentación y la Visitación del Banco de España y fijaremos que el silogismo europeo deje de ser una condición o una disyunción, e iremos a Santo Domingo de Silos a dar las gracias por la oración, y por último Góngora hará una silva de la estación florida de la mentida Europa y Pero Mexía hará una silva de varia lección.
September 03, 2012
JOHN BARBOUR (1347-74)
Author of a Scottish national epic, The Bruce, the first major work of Scottish literature.
Records show that he became archdeacon of Aberdeen while still a young man and in 1357 was granted a safe conduct by Edward III of England to study at Oxford. That same year he participated in the negotiations for ransoming King David II, who had been a prisoner in England after his capture in the Battle of Neville´s Cross (1346). In 1364 and 1368 Barbour studied in France. Throughout his life he enjoyed royal favour and in 1388 was given a life pension.
Barbour completed The Actes and Life of the most Victorious Conqueror, Robert Bruce King of Scotland, a metrical historical romance in 20 books, in 1376. The background of The Bruce is the political history of the Scottish struggle for independence, from the death of Alexander III (1286) to the death of Douglas and the burial of Bruce´s heart (1332). Allowing for literary conventions and for the freer medieval notions of historiography, Barbour shows a concern for accuracy in the main line of his narrative. Yet his intention is patriotic and practical: his history emphasizes the chivalry and idealism of the Scottish heroes and exhorts, their successors to emulate "thair nobill elderis".
But the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) was still within the memory of his contemporaries, and The Bruce remains a harshly realistic story of recent events in the style of the chansons de geste rather than a romance of chivalry. Althoug its heroes, Robert I the Bruce and James of Douglas, are pefect knights, their chivalry is functional -concerned with the defense of freedom and with upholding the rights of the weak against the tyranny of the strong.
The style of the poem is vigorous, direct, and admirably suited to the matter. Barbour evidently took some trouble to collect firsthand accounts of the Battle of Bannockburn, which is the highlight of the poem. With graphic economy, he describes mortal combat, not as it looks to a literary observer but as it feels to a participant. His narrative manner is similar to that of the Scottish border ballads.
Barbour is mentioned as the author of the Stewartis Oryginalle, a verse genealogy of the Scottish kings, which has not survived. The Buik of Alexander, a translations of two French romances surviving from this period, and an inmense Legends of the Saints in verse, have sometimes been attributed to Barbour.
Records show that he became archdeacon of Aberdeen while still a young man and in 1357 was granted a safe conduct by Edward III of England to study at Oxford. That same year he participated in the negotiations for ransoming King David II, who had been a prisoner in England after his capture in the Battle of Neville´s Cross (1346). In 1364 and 1368 Barbour studied in France. Throughout his life he enjoyed royal favour and in 1388 was given a life pension.
Barbour completed The Actes and Life of the most Victorious Conqueror, Robert Bruce King of Scotland, a metrical historical romance in 20 books, in 1376. The background of The Bruce is the political history of the Scottish struggle for independence, from the death of Alexander III (1286) to the death of Douglas and the burial of Bruce´s heart (1332). Allowing for literary conventions and for the freer medieval notions of historiography, Barbour shows a concern for accuracy in the main line of his narrative. Yet his intention is patriotic and practical: his history emphasizes the chivalry and idealism of the Scottish heroes and exhorts, their successors to emulate "thair nobill elderis".
But the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) was still within the memory of his contemporaries, and The Bruce remains a harshly realistic story of recent events in the style of the chansons de geste rather than a romance of chivalry. Althoug its heroes, Robert I the Bruce and James of Douglas, are pefect knights, their chivalry is functional -concerned with the defense of freedom and with upholding the rights of the weak against the tyranny of the strong.
The style of the poem is vigorous, direct, and admirably suited to the matter. Barbour evidently took some trouble to collect firsthand accounts of the Battle of Bannockburn, which is the highlight of the poem. With graphic economy, he describes mortal combat, not as it looks to a literary observer but as it feels to a participant. His narrative manner is similar to that of the Scottish border ballads.
Barbour is mentioned as the author of the Stewartis Oryginalle, a verse genealogy of the Scottish kings, which has not survived. The Buik of Alexander, a translations of two French romances surviving from this period, and an inmense Legends of the Saints in verse, have sometimes been attributed to Barbour.
THE FAMILY BARBERINI
An aristocratic Roman family, originally of Barberino in the Else Valley; they later settled first in Florence and then in Rome, where they became wealthy and powerful, but unpopular because of the nepotism practiced by Maffeo (1568-1644), who was elected pope as Urban VIII (1623).
It is recorded that Antonio Barberini defended Florence in 1530 and then went to Rome, to which in 1555 he summoned his nephew Francesco (1528-1600), the real founder of the Barberini dynasty. Francesco and his brother Raffaelo accumulated the riches and trade advantages that became the base of the Barberini power.
Francesco (1597-1679) was the first cardinal nominated by his uncle Pope Urban VIII (October 1623). Ill suited for a diplomatic career, Francesco until his appointment as secretary of state at the Vatican (1628), accomplished little other than to collect and organize a library that attracted scholars from all over Europe.
The second family member Urban named cardinal was his brother Antonio the Elder (1569-1646), who also held several other church positions, but its notable chiefly for encouraging the construction of religious buildings in Rome.
Antonio the Younger (1607-71), Urban´s nephew, who became the family´s third cardinal in 1628, proved himself an able negotiator and was entrusted with certain legates, including those of Urbano (1631) and Avignon (1633). A patron of the arts, he supported, among others, the Baroque sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). He also collected an extensive library, which after his death was absorbed into that of his brother Francesco.
Other family members who received important secular positions included Taddeo (1603-47), a third nephew of Urban, who married Anna Colonna receiving a large dowry; two years later (1629) he bought the principality of Palestrina from her family.
The Barberini became universally hated and came into conflict with several powerful families, especially the Farnese, who formed a league against them and defeated then at Lagoscuro (March 30, 1644). This defeat, together with the death of Urban, severely weakened the position of the Barberini.
When the newly elected Innocent X (pope 1644-55) began an investigation into the Barberini´s misuse of church funds, Taddeo, Francesco, and Antonio the Younger fled to Paris. Protected by the French cardinal Jules Mazarin, they enjoyed comfortable positions. With Mazarin´s help, and with the arrangement of the marriage of Taddeo´s son Maffeo to Olimpia Giustiniani, Innocent´s protégée, the Barberini were reconciled to Innocent in 1653. Taddeo died in Paris, but both Francesco (1648) and Antonio (1653) returned to Rome and lived in the magnificent Barberini Palace in Rome, built under the supervision of Bernini. Although the Barberini encouraged much construction and restoration, they also despoiled many ancient structures to obtain building materials for their palace, inspiring the epigram "Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini".
The family retained power for some time, mainly through wise marriages, including that of Lucrezia, daugther of Taddeo, to Francesco II, duke of Modena. The Barberini died out in 1736, and their state passed to the Colonna.
It is recorded that Antonio Barberini defended Florence in 1530 and then went to Rome, to which in 1555 he summoned his nephew Francesco (1528-1600), the real founder of the Barberini dynasty. Francesco and his brother Raffaelo accumulated the riches and trade advantages that became the base of the Barberini power.
Francesco (1597-1679) was the first cardinal nominated by his uncle Pope Urban VIII (October 1623). Ill suited for a diplomatic career, Francesco until his appointment as secretary of state at the Vatican (1628), accomplished little other than to collect and organize a library that attracted scholars from all over Europe.
The second family member Urban named cardinal was his brother Antonio the Elder (1569-1646), who also held several other church positions, but its notable chiefly for encouraging the construction of religious buildings in Rome.
Antonio the Younger (1607-71), Urban´s nephew, who became the family´s third cardinal in 1628, proved himself an able negotiator and was entrusted with certain legates, including those of Urbano (1631) and Avignon (1633). A patron of the arts, he supported, among others, the Baroque sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). He also collected an extensive library, which after his death was absorbed into that of his brother Francesco.
Other family members who received important secular positions included Taddeo (1603-47), a third nephew of Urban, who married Anna Colonna receiving a large dowry; two years later (1629) he bought the principality of Palestrina from her family.
The Barberini became universally hated and came into conflict with several powerful families, especially the Farnese, who formed a league against them and defeated then at Lagoscuro (March 30, 1644). This defeat, together with the death of Urban, severely weakened the position of the Barberini.
When the newly elected Innocent X (pope 1644-55) began an investigation into the Barberini´s misuse of church funds, Taddeo, Francesco, and Antonio the Younger fled to Paris. Protected by the French cardinal Jules Mazarin, they enjoyed comfortable positions. With Mazarin´s help, and with the arrangement of the marriage of Taddeo´s son Maffeo to Olimpia Giustiniani, Innocent´s protégée, the Barberini were reconciled to Innocent in 1653. Taddeo died in Paris, but both Francesco (1648) and Antonio (1653) returned to Rome and lived in the magnificent Barberini Palace in Rome, built under the supervision of Bernini. Although the Barberini encouraged much construction and restoration, they also despoiled many ancient structures to obtain building materials for their palace, inspiring the epigram "Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini".
The family retained power for some time, mainly through wise marriages, including that of Lucrezia, daugther of Taddeo, to Francesco II, duke of Modena. The Barberini died out in 1736, and their state passed to the Colonna.
BARNATO BROTHERS (1874)
Barney Barnato was a financier and diamond magnate who rivalled Cecil Rhodes in struggling for control in the development of the South African mining industry. The son of a shopkeeper in the East End of London, Isaacs followed his brother Henry to Kimberley, Cape of Good Hope, in 1873 to seek his fortune in the diamond rush.
Adopting the name Barnato Brothers, which he and his brother had used in London as vaudeville entertainers, the two formed a diamond brokerage firm in 1874. Two years later "Barney" Barnato began the bold speculation in mining claims that led to the formation of the Barnato Diamond Mining Company (1880), which seriously challenged Cecil Rhode´s de Beers Mining Company. The struggle for control of the industry resulted in Rhode´s victory and the merger of the two companies as De Beers Consolidated Mines (1888), in which Barnato was made life governor.
The same year he was elected to a seat in the Cape Parliament, which he held until his death. In 1889 he resumed his bulling operations. He bought up mining claims and real estate in the newly discovered Witwatersrand goldfields and floated Barnato Consolidated Mines and Barnato Bank. In ill health, however, Barnato committed suicide by jumping from a ship bound for England.
His son, Woolf Barnato (1895-1948) was a prominent in British motor racing circles.
Adopting the name Barnato Brothers, which he and his brother had used in London as vaudeville entertainers, the two formed a diamond brokerage firm in 1874. Two years later "Barney" Barnato began the bold speculation in mining claims that led to the formation of the Barnato Diamond Mining Company (1880), which seriously challenged Cecil Rhode´s de Beers Mining Company. The struggle for control of the industry resulted in Rhode´s victory and the merger of the two companies as De Beers Consolidated Mines (1888), in which Barnato was made life governor.
The same year he was elected to a seat in the Cape Parliament, which he held until his death. In 1889 he resumed his bulling operations. He bought up mining claims and real estate in the newly discovered Witwatersrand goldfields and floated Barnato Consolidated Mines and Barnato Bank. In ill health, however, Barnato committed suicide by jumping from a ship bound for England.
His son, Woolf Barnato (1895-1948) was a prominent in British motor racing circles.
SYNOD OF BARMEN
Meeting of German Protestant leaders at Barmen in the Ruhr, in May 1934, to organize Protestant resistance to National Socialism.
The synod was of decisive importance in the development of the German Confessing Church or Bekennende Kirche. Representatives came from established Lutheran, Reformed, and United churches, although some of the church governments had already been captured by men loyal to Adolf Hitler, and others had decided to limit their activities to passive resistance. The Pastors Emergency League, headed by Martin Niemöller, was the backbone of the active resistance. Various lay leaders and groups also rallied to the cause.
at Barmen the representatives adopted six articles, called the Barmen Declaration, that defined the Christian opposition to National Socialist ideology and practice. The major theological influence was that of Karl Barth. The articles did not attempt a well-rounded system but adopted the classical form of the great confessions of faith, affirming major biblical teachings and condemning the important heresies of those who were attempting to accommodate Christianity to National Socialism.
The synod was of decisive importance in the development of the German Confessing Church or Bekennende Kirche. Representatives came from established Lutheran, Reformed, and United churches, although some of the church governments had already been captured by men loyal to Adolf Hitler, and others had decided to limit their activities to passive resistance. The Pastors Emergency League, headed by Martin Niemöller, was the backbone of the active resistance. Various lay leaders and groups also rallied to the cause.
at Barmen the representatives adopted six articles, called the Barmen Declaration, that defined the Christian opposition to National Socialist ideology and practice. The major theological influence was that of Karl Barth. The articles did not attempt a well-rounded system but adopted the classical form of the great confessions of faith, affirming major biblical teachings and condemning the important heresies of those who were attempting to accommodate Christianity to National Socialism.
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